Frequency Translation

September 19, 2024 Post a Comment

Frequency translation

Frequency translation moves the Nyquist frequency spectrum of the acquired signal by the amount specified by the Center Frequency attribute. This is accomplished by multiplying the acquired data stream with the output of the numerically controlled oscillator (NCO).

How PLL can be used as frequency translator?

The frequency shifting of an oscillator using a small factor is known as a frequency translator. The block diagram of the frequency translator using PLL is shown below. The block diagram can be built with a mixer, LPF, and the phase-locked loop.

What are the needs of modulation?

Modulation is simply a widely used process in communication systems in which a very high-frequency carrier wave is used to transmit the low-frequency message signal so that the transmitted signal continues to have all the information contained in the original message signal.

How is frequency translation in sound?

Frequency translation, or mixing, is a commonly employed technique for translating radio frequency signals to a more manageable intermediate frequency. In hearing aids, it has been used to translate high frequency sounds outside the auditory range into the audible frequency band [12, 13].

What are the 4 steps of translation?

The process of forming a polypeptide chain from mRNA codons is known as translation. It takes place in four steps namely, tRNA charging, Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.

Why do we use PLL?

The main purpose of a PLL circuit is to synchronize an output oscillator signal with a reference signal. When the phase difference between the two signals is zero, the system is “locked.” A PLL is a closed-loop system with a control mechanism to reduce any phase error that may occur.

What is PLL and VCO?

A phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit is a feedback system that combines a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and a phase detector in such a way that the oscillator signal tracks an applied frequency or phase modulated signal with the correct frequency and phase.

What is the principle of PLL?

The underlying mechanism of a PLL operates based on the phase difference between two signals. It detects this difference, and provides a feedback mechanism to modify the voltage-controlled oscillator frequency. The PLL compares the voltage-controlled oscillator signal with the input/reference signal.

What are the three types of frequencies?

There are three types of frequency distributions. Categorical frequency distributions, group frequency distributions and on group frequency distributions.

What are the four types of frequencies?

Frequency Band	ITU band number	Frequency
Very low frequency (VLF)	4	3–30 kHz
Low frequency (LF)	5	30–300 kHz
Medium frequency (MF)	6	300–3,000 kHz
High frequency (HF)	7	3–30 MHz

What is frequency in NLP?

Term frequency (TF) often used in Text Mining, NLP and Information Retrieval tells you how frequently a term occurs in a document. In the context natural language, terms correspond to words or phrases.

What are the 4 types of translation?

The 4 Most Common Different Types of Translation

Literary translation.
Professional translation.
Technical Translation.
Administrative translation.

What are the 3 phases of translation?

Translation of an mRNA molecule by the ribosome occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

What are the three methods of translation?

What are the main techniques of translation?

Borrowing. Borrowing is where words or expressions are taken directly from the source text and carried over into the target language.
Calque (loan translation) ...
Literal Translation.

Is PLL analog or digital?

Analog and “Digital” PLLs Digital phase-locked loops are typically smaller than analog PLLs, due to their digital phase detector and loop filter. However, both analog PLLs and digital PLLs contain analog elements. Thus both PLL types: Have a stringent lower limit on the supply voltage.

What is an example of PLL?

Automobile race analogy. As an analogy of a PLL, consider a race between two cars. One represents the input frequency, the other the PLL's output voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) frequency. Each lap corresponds to a complete cycle.

What is the output of a PLL?

In such PLLs, the output is a high multiple of the reference frequency. Voltage controlled oscillators contain a variable tuning element, such as a varactor diode, which varies its capacitance with input voltage, allowing a tuneable resonant circuit, which permits a range of frequencies to be generated (Figure 9).

Why is it called VCO?

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is produced by cold-pressing the liquid from the coconut meat, later extracting the oil from milk and water and has a milky appearance. It is 100% natural, unbleached and cold-pressed.

What is VCO frequency?

This VCO covers the frequency range of from 9.6 to 10.8 GHz using a tuning voltage of from 2 to 13 volts. It is intended for satellite communications, multipoint radio, and military applications (Figure 8).

Why is VCO used?

VCOs are used in function generators, phase-locked loops including frequency synthesizers used in communication equipment and the production of electronic music, to generate variable tones in synthesizers.